The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) recently issued a bulletin providing guidance to the mortgage industry regarding marketing services agreements. The bulletin offers an overview of the federal prohibition on mortgage kickbacks and referral fees, and describes examples from the Bureau’s enforcement experience as well as the risks faced by lenders entering into these agreements. During the course of supervising mortgage lenders and enforcing federal law, the Bureau has found that marketing services agreements carry legal and regulatory risk for lenders.
“We are deeply concerned about how marketing services agreements are undermining important consumer protections against kickbacks,” says CFPB Director Richard Cordray. “Companies do not seem to be recognizing the extent of the risks posed by implementing and monitoring these agreements within the bounds of the law.”
The CFPB is responsible for enforcing the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), which was enacted in 1974 as a response to abuses in the real estate settlement process. A primary purpose of the law is to eliminate kickbacks or referral fees that tend to increase unnecessarily the costs of settlement services. The law covers any service provided in connection with a real estate settlement, such as title insurance, appraisals, inspections, and loan origination.
The bulletin explains that while marketing services agreements are usually framed as payments for advertising or promotional services, in some cases the payments are actually disguised compensation for referrals. Any agreement that entails exchanging a thing of value for referrals of settlement service business likely violates federal law, regardless of whether a marketing services agreement is part of the transaction.
The bulletin describes a number of legal violations the Bureau has encountered in investigations involving kickbacks and referral fees. For example, the CFPB found a title insurance company that entered into marketing services agreements where the fees paid by the company were based in part on the number of referrals it received, as well as the revenue generated by those referrals. In another case, a settlement service provider did not disclose its affiliate relationship with an appraisal management company and did not tell consumers that they had the option of shopping for services before directing them to the affiliate.
The CFPB’s enforcement actions against companies and individuals for violations of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act have resulted in more than $75 million in penalties to date. The payment of improper kickbacks and referral fees has been the basis of almost all of those actions. As the bulletin notes, the CFPB intends to continue actively scrutinizing the use of such agreements and related arrangements in the course of its enforcement and supervision work.
The bulletin is available here.
